The act or process of carrying out a lawsuit.

• A. Litigation
• B. Party Identification
• C. Independent Expenditures
• D. Open Primary

Answer: (A)

Litigation is the act and ongoing process of carrying a dispute into court and pursuing it through the legal system—from filing a complaint, through discovery and trial, to possible appeal. When a question asks for the act or process of carrying out a lawsuit, litigation is the best fit because it encompasses the entire sequence of legal proceedings, not just a single step.

The other terms refer to different ideas: party identification is about recognizing who is involved in political processes, independent expenditures describe spending on campaigns independent of a candidate, and open primary refers to a type of election format.